China is offering other Global South countries a viable way to discover a just transition pathway of their own.

This report provides a comprehensive overview of China's carbon emissions dual-control policy (controlling both total carbon emissions and carbon intensity), tracing its evolution from the energy consumption dual-control system. It explains the policy's rationale, phased objectives, key tasks, and supporting mechanisms through a structured question-and-answer format. The analysis synthesizes central policy documents from the State Council, NDRC, and MEE, and incorporates subnational case studies from Zhejiang, Guangzhou, and Hangzhou that have pioneered carbon budgeting and project-level carbon assessments. It also examines the policy's linkages with carbon markets, green certificate trading, and voluntary emission reduction mechanisms, offering a systematic reference for policymakers and researchers.

This policy brief assesses China's progress toward its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets by comparing commitments from the 2015 and 2021 NDCs with outcomes reported in China's First Biennial Transparency Report (2023) and other official sources. It tracks progress across key areas including energy (non-fossil share, coal and oil consumption), industry (energy efficiency, "two high" project controls), transport (green transport systems, new energy vehicles), buildings (green building standards), agriculture, forestry, and waste. It finds that China has already met several 2030 targets ahead of schedule—including forest stock, wind and solar capacity, and new energy vehicle penetration—and provides an outlook for the upcoming 2035 NDC update.

This annual report provides a comprehensive review of China's climate and dual-carbon policy progress from January 2024 to February 2025, based on policy tracking from the China Carbon Neutrality Tracker (CCNT) database. It covers developments across emissions management, energy (renewables, coal, hydrogen, energy storage), power (grid modernization, market reform), industry (equipment renewal, energy-intensive sector action plans), transport (vehicle-grid integration, charging infrastructure), buildings, agriculture, non-CO₂ gases, pollution reduction, waste, climate adaptation, carbon markets, and green finance. It highlights major policy milestones including the Energy Law enactment, the carbon dual-control framework, the coal mine methane emission standard revision, and the expansion of the "two new" (equipment renewal and consumer goods replacement) policy.

This policy brief presents findings from the EPS China 2024 model, analyzing China's energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission trajectories to 2060 across three scenarios—a Reference scenario, a "1+N" Policy scenario, and a Carbon Neutrality scenario. It finds that current "1+N" policies can support carbon peaking by 2030 and overachieve certain targets (EV penetration, renewables), but achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 requires continued policy reinforcement. Key findings include: non-fossil electricity generation must reach ~91% by 2060; electrification rates must rise to 71% (industry), 98% (buildings), and 75% (transportation); non-CO₂ GHG mitigation faces greater technical and policy challenges than CO₂; and the carbon pricing mechanism delivers significant abatement before 2035. It identifies priority policies across different time horizons.

This report summary presents findings from the EPS China 2024 model, analyzing China's energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission trajectories to 2060 across three scenarios—a Reference scenario, a "1+N" Policy scenario, and a Carbon Neutrality scenario. It finds that current "1+N" policies can support carbon peaking by 2030 and overachieve certain targets (EV penetration, renewables), but achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 requires continued policy reinforcement. Key findings include: non-fossil electricity generation must reach ~91% by 2060; electrification rates must rise to 71% (industry), 98% (buildings), and 75% (transportation); non-CO₂ GHG mitigation faces greater technical and policy challenges than CO₂; and the carbon pricing mechanism delivers significant abatement before 2035. It identifies priority policies across different time horizons.